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Much of the image consists of blank areas now with little or no radar response. The "courtyard" wall is still revealing highly, however, and there are continuing ideas of a hard surface in the SE corner. Time slice from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now almost all blank, however a few of the walls are still revealing highly.

How deep are these pieces? Sadly, the software application I have access to makes estimating the depth a little difficult. If, however, the top three pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would guess that each piece has to do with 10cm and we are only coming down about 80cm in total.

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Fortunately for us, the majority of the websites we have an interest in lie just listed below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other approaches? Comparison of the Earth Resistance data (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (top right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as discussed above, is a passive technique determining regional variations in magnetism versus a localised zero value. Magnetic vulnerability survey is an active method: it is a measure of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the existence of an electromagnetic field. Just how much soil is evaluated depends upon the size of the test coil: it can be very little or it can be reasonably large.

The sensing unit in this case is extremely small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a large "field coil" in usage at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils merely due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic susceptibility at a fairly coarse scale, we can detect areas of human profession and middens. We do not have access to a reputable mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some exceptional examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These towns are typically set out around a main open area or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (picture: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer study had located a variety of features and homes. The magnetic susceptibility study helped, however, define the main location of profession and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility study results from the Wildcat site, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The method is for that reason of excellent usage in defining locations of basic occupation instead of determining particular features.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical methodologies at the Earth's surface to determine the physical residential or commercial properties of the subsurface - Importance Of Geophysical Surveys — Methods And Uses in Aus 2023. Geophysical surveying approaches typically determine these geophysical properties together with anomalies in order to evaluate various subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and much more.