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Time slice from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now almost all blank, however a few of the walls are still showing strongly.

How deep are these slices? Unfortunately, the software I have access to makes approximating the depth a little difficult. If, nevertheless, the top three pieces represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would think that each piece is about 10cm and we are only coming down about 80cm in total.

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Thankfully for us, most of the sites we have an interest in lie just below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other methods? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (leading right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as gone over above, is a passive strategy determining local variations in magnetism versus a localised absolutely no value. Magnetic vulnerability study is an active method: it is a step of how magnetic a sample of sediment might be in the presence of a magnetic field. How much soil is evaluated depends on the diameter of the test coil: it can be very little or it can be reasonably big.

The sensor in this case is very small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a large "field coil" in use at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Top soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils merely due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By determining magnetic vulnerability at a fairly coarse scale, we can spot areas of human occupation and middens. Regrettably, we do not have access to a reliable mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some outstanding examples. Among which is the Wildcat site in Ohio.

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These towns are often laid out around a main open area or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (image: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer survey had located a variety of functions and houses. The magnetic susceptibility survey helped, however, define the main location of profession and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic vulnerability survey arises from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The method is therefore of terrific use in defining areas of basic occupation rather than recognizing particular functions.

Geophysical surveying is an applied branch of geophysics, which utilizes seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electro-magnetic physical methodologies at the Earth's surface area to measure the physical properties of the subsurface - Geophysical Survey And Investigations in Balcatta Australia 2022. Geophysical surveying approaches typically determine these geophysical homes in addition to abnormalities in order to assess different subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, voids and cavities, and much more.