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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now nearly all blank, but a few of the walls are still revealing highly.

How deep are these pieces? Regrettably, the software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little challenging. If, however, the top 3 slices represent the ploughsoil, which is probably about 30cm think, I would think that each slice has to do with 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in total.

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Thankfully for us, the majority of the sites we have an interest in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other techniques? Contrast of the Earth Resistance information (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as gone over above, is a passive technique measuring regional variations in magnetism versus a localised no value. Magnetic susceptibility study is an active technique: it is a procedure of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the presence of an electromagnetic field. How much soil is tested depends upon the diameter of the test coil: it can be very small or it can be relatively big.

The sensing unit in this case is really small and samples a small sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a big "field coil" in usage at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils just due to natural oxidation and decrease.

By measuring magnetic vulnerability at a relatively coarse scale, we can spot locations of human occupation and middens. We do not have access to a dependable mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some excellent examples. One of which is the Wildcat site in Ohio.

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These villages are often laid out around a main open area or plaza, such as this rebuilt example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (photo: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer survey had located a variety of features and houses. The magnetic vulnerability study helped, however, define the main location of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open location.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility study arises from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The technique is therefore of terrific usage in specifying locations of general occupation instead of recognizing specific functions.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface to determine the physical properties of the subsurface - Geophysical Survey Definition in Byford WA 2022. Geophysical surveying methods usually determine these geophysical properties along with abnormalities in order to examine numerous subsurface conditions such as the presence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and a lot more.